Christian pastors at leaders na nahulog sa ganap na hindi etikal na pag-uugali at kahiya-hiyang maling asal sa simbahan

 Christian pastors at leaders na nahulog sa ganap na hindi etikal na pag-uugali at kahiya-hiyang maling asal sa simbahan na nag-disqualify sa kanila mula sa kanilang ministri. Kailangan ko pa bang sabihin ang higit pa tungkol dito? Habambuhay na iuukit sa alaala ng simbahang Kristiyano ang nangyari sa mga tulad nina Jimmy Swaggart at Jim Bakker mahigit 20 taon na ang nakalilipas, at hanggang kamakailan, sina Ted Haggard at Perry Noble. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit tayo na nasa ministri ay dapat maging mas maingat sa pagharap sa tagumpay dahil ito ay isa sa mga pinaka banayad na bitag ng diyablo. Ito ay mas mapanganib kaysa sa pag-uusig.

Jimmy Lee Swaggart Kontrobersiya at Talambuhay

 Sanaysay sa Buhay at Mga Kontrobersiya ni Jimmy Lee Swaggart (Talambuhay)

Si Jimmy Swaggart noon ay isang mahusay na mangangaral na ang impluwensya ay nararamdaman sa buong mundo. Bilang resulta ng kanyang ministeryo, maraming tao sa buong mundo ang bumaling upang tanggapin ang pamumuno ng Panginoong Jesus sa kanilang buhay. Siya ay bumangon mula sa isang napakahamak na simula at naging isang higante sa mundo ng pangangaral ng ebanghelyo pati na rin sa pag-awit.

Sa kasamaang palad, dalawang beses siyang naugnay sa prostitusyon at nakita nito ang pagbagsak ng kanyang dakilang ministeryo. Kahit na siya ay nangangaral pa rin at gumagawa ng mabagal na pagbabalik, malayo pa rin siya sa pag-abot sa mahusay na taas noong 1980s bago ang kanyang pagkakasangkot sa prostitusyon ay isinapubliko. Sa artikulong ito, ang buhay ni Jimmy Swaggart ay sinuri sa haba.

Jimmy Lee Swaggart 

Ipinanganak siya noong 1935 kina Minnie at W.L. Swaggart. Ang kanyang mga magulang ay mga tagasunod ng simbahan ng Assemblies of God. Sinasabi na bilang isang tinedyer ay hindi siya masyadong nakikibahagi sa mga aktibidad sa simbahan ngunit sa halip ay rebelde sa mga isyu ng Diyos at madalas na pumunta sa mga lokal na club. Nang maglaon, inialay niya ang kanyang buhay sa mga gawain sa simbahan at piniling sumali sa isang ministeryo na binuo ng kanyang ama. Ito ay noong 1952. Nakilala niya ang kanyang asawa, si Frances Anderson, sa ministeryo (Kaufman 1).

Si Swaggart at ang kanyang asawa ay nagsimula muna bilang mga itinerant na mangangaral. Magaling si Swaggart sa musika at noong 1962 ay nag-record siya ng album. Ang album ay mahusay na nabenta at hinikayat siya na bumuo ng isang record label. Gumawa siya ng higit pang mga rekord, na ang ilan ay naging bestselling. Noong 1968, nakipagsapalaran siya sa pangangaral sa radyo.

Mabilis na sumingit ang kanyang programa sa radyo at wala pang isang dekada ay ipinapalabas na ito ng mahigit 650 na istasyon ng radyo. Ang programa sa radyo ay lubos na nagdulot sa kanya ng isang tanyag na mangangaral at bilang isang resulta ang mga revival rallies na kanyang inorganisa ay sinasabing nagkaroon ng napakaraming madla. Ang tagumpay ng programa sa radyo ay nag-udyok sa kanya upang lumipat sa mga telecast. Ang kanyang mga telecast ay lubos na nasiyahan sa malalaking tagumpay na nakakuha ng mga manonood sa hanay ng dalawang milyong tao (Kaufman 1).

Ang kasikatan ng Swaggart ay nagbigay-daan sa kanya upang lubos na mapalawak ang kanyang ministeryo. Naabot niya ang milyun-milyong tao sa US at sa buong mundo. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsasahimpapawid, naabot ni Swaggart ang maraming tagapakinig at manonood. Malaki ang naitulong sa kanya ng broadcasting na ipalaganap ang ebanghelyo ni Jesucristo. Ang kanyang mga mensahe ay isinalin sa ibang mga wika.

Malaki ang impluwensya ng kanyang mga telecast sa kanyang mga manonood. Ang kanyang musika ay naging inspirasyon din sa mga Kristiyano. Sa kanyang aktibong oras sa musika, nakakuha siya ng maraming parangal sa musika. Malaki rin ang impluwensya niya sa mga Kristiyano sa pamamagitan ng print media. Siya ay may-akda ng maraming mga libro at mga gawa sa Kristiyanong panitikan. Nagsimula rin si Swaggart ng isang bible college na napakaimpluwensya sa kanyang taas sa pangangaral (Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 1).

Inihayag ni Gigi de Lana na ang Pera Para sa Hospital Bill ng Kanyang Ina ay Na-scam

Inihayag ni Gigi de Lana na ang Pera Para sa Hospital Bill ng Kanyang Ina ay Na-scam

Ibinahagi ni Gigi De Lana ang hirap na pinagdadaanan niya

Ibinunyag ng mang-aawit na si Gigi de Lana na ang pera na dapat babayaran para sa bill sa ospital ni nanay ay na-scam .

 Kilala si Gigi sa kanyang versatile voice.

Sa pamamagitan ng kanyang channel sa YouTube, ipinakita niya ang kanyang malawak na hanay nito pagdating sa pagkanta.  Kilala rin siya sa pagkakaroon niya ng isang kamangha-manghang banda na halos kayang tumugtog ng kahit anong kanta.

Kamakailan lang, ibinahagi ng mang-aawit na pinagdadaanan niya ang isang mahirap na kalagayan.  Sa isang tabi mula sa sarili niyang problema sa kalusugan, naaksidente siya at ang kanyang banda.

 Si Gigi de Lana ay nag-aalaga din sa kanyang ina na na-diagnose na may stage 4 breast cancer.  Sa lahat ng mga hadlang na ito, ang mang-aawit ay nahaharap sa panibagong pagsubok.  Base sa artikulo sa Inquirer, nabiktima si Gigi ng isang scammer.

"Please be kind. Simula nung

naaksidente kami from car accident,

ang dami na nang-scam sa akin.

Ninakawan ako sa BDO, kinuha lahat

ng laman. [Pang-medical] bills sana

'yun ni mama kaso wala [kayong]

awa,” ayon sa singer sa kanyang recent

Facebook post.

Ito ang tugon niya sa mga nag-aakusa sa kanya ng nagpapa-awa raw matapos ang aksidente sa sasakyan.  Naalala ni Gigi ang panahon na tinawagan pa siya ng scammer at nagpasabi pa na siya sana ay mabilis na gumaling.

"Sinabihan pa ako sa phone call ng,

'Get well soon po kay Ma'am Gigi,'

tapos after no'n ninakawan na ako

nang tuloy-tuloy hanggang sa maubos

laman. Grabe kayo. Di na kayo naawa,"

Sinabi ni Gigi de Lana.

Samantala, kamakailan lang ay nag-auction ang singer at maraming netizens ang nag-react sa kanyang cropped top na isa sa mga kasama rito.

 Samantala, kamakailan lang ay nag-auction ang singer at maraming netizens ang nag-react sa kanyang cropped top na isa sa mga kasama rito.

 Ano ang masasabi mo dito?

Writing flash fiction

Writing flash fiction is a creative and concise form of storytelling. It involves crafting a complete narrative with a limited word count, typically ranging from 100 to 1,000 words. Here are some steps to help you write flash fiction:

1. Start with a clear idea: Flash fiction requires a focused concept or idea. Decide on a central theme, event, or emotion that you want to explore in your story. Having a clear direction from the beginning will help you stay focused and make every word count.

2. Choose a single conflict or moment: Flash fiction works best when it revolves around a single conflict, moment, or turning point. Since you have limited space, it's important to narrow down the scope of your story. This will allow you to delve deeper into the chosen element and create a strong impact on the reader.

3. Create engaging characters: Even in a brief piece of fiction, compelling characters can add depth and resonance to your story. Develop characters with distinct personalities, desires, and motivations, even if they are not explicitly mentioned in the narrative. Give them a goal or obstacle that drives the story forward.

4. Plan the structure: Given the limited word count, flash fiction often follows a simple and focused structure. Consider a traditional three-act structure with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Alternatively, you can experiment with non-linear structures or unexpected narrative approaches to add intrigue.

5. Focus on vivid imagery: Since you have limited words to work with, it's crucial to make each sentence count. Utilize vivid and concise descriptions that evoke sensory details, creating a vivid image in the reader's mind. Choose powerful and precise words to convey emotions and atmosphere.

6. Use dialogue effectively: Dialogue can be an effective tool in flash fiction, allowing you to reveal character traits, convey conflict, and advance the plot within a short space. Keep the dialogue focused and impactful, using it to highlight key moments or to reveal important information.

7. Edit ruthlessly: Editing is crucial in flash fiction to ensure every word contributes to the overall impact of the story. Cut out any unnecessary details, repetitions, or tangents. Pay attention to sentence structure, grammar, and punctuation to create a polished and concise piece.

8. Read and study flash fiction: Immerse yourself in the world of flash fiction by reading published works in this genre. Analyze the techniques and approaches used by successful flash fiction writers. This can provide inspiration, improve your understanding of the form, and help you develop your own unique style.

9. Experiment and revise: Flash fiction allows for experimentation with different styles, tones, and narrative voices. Don't be afraid to try out various approaches and revise your work. Experimentation can lead to surprising and innovative results.

10. Seek feedback: Share your flash fiction with others, such as writing groups, online communities, or trusted friends. Feedback from others can provide valuable insights and help you refine your writing.

Remember, the beauty of flash fiction lies in its brevity and impact. By focusing on a central idea, crafting concise prose, and carefully selecting every word, you can create engaging and powerful flash fiction pieces.

"Business contract(s) as usual"

"Business contract(s) as usual"

by Donfelimon Poserio

Masaya, nagkasundo tayong dalawa

Nakanakaw ng oras para tayo magkita

Naglakad tayo, HHWWPSSP sa MOA

Holding Hands While Walking Pa-Sway-Sway-Pa

Kumain, naglaro sa amusement park ng shooting Ball

nag-deal na maglaban at ang matalo may pitik

mahilig ka sa Deal! Mahilig ka rin mamitik

Mahilig kang magpatalo dahil pagkatapos kong pitikan 

ang kamao mo at mamula ay agad ko susundan ng halik

matatawa tayo sa ingay ng ating hagikhik sa kilig

Oo, napuna ko na mahilig ka sa deal! 

Yung may maiisip kang kasunduan at dapat nating sundin

Kaya nung papalubog ang araw na tanaw sa dalampasigan 

may tissue kang nilabas at sinulatan, 

Tissue? natawa pa ko kung ba't sa tissue mo naisipang magsulat, 

sabi mo, "since nasa MOA tayo," 

"gumawa na rin tayo ng MOA

as in Memorandum of Agreement"

Deal! kaya pumirma ka at pumirma rin ako,

Parang sa "Ako'y sayo at Ika'y sakin," na paboritong kanta mo

ang nakasulat: "Pag-aari mo lang ako at ikaw ay akin lang, pangako..."

Nagkasundo tayo at sa kasunduan ding ito

dito ko hinugot ang kasiguraduhan na sayo ibuhos ang lahat,

lahat-lahat ng pagmamahal ko, 

Article 3 section 10, walang batas na dapat ipatupad

para sirain ang nasasaad 

sa kontrata

KASUNDUAN. Walang palya ang pagsusundo ko sayo at paghatid... 

Pinanghawakan ko 

ang may pirma pa nating kontrata na bunga ng pag-ibig

Deal! napuna kong 'yan ang bukambibig

Kasi nga Business Ad ang tinapos mo...

kaya alam na alam mo ang tungkol sa aggreement, partnership, 

business, products, investment, contract at deals!

Ang alam ko lang ata diyan e contract, 

dahil isa yun sa plano ko sana 

yung sabay tayong pipirma sa marriage contract sa kasal nating dalawa

forever partnership contract... sana,

kaso, bigla ka na lang nag-iba,

Kaso, trinatrangkaso ka madalas kaya 

hindi ka na pwede makipag-meet

kaso, busy ka madalas dahil sa mga business trips

kaso, you never failed to forget our scheduled dates,

Ang dami mo ng atraso, pero 

sa dami mong palya naunawaan kita, at inunawa ko

kahit gusto na nga kitang bigyan ng MEMO

yung Memo na ineendorso ni kuya Kim sa Matang Lawin,

Memo plus gold ata yun, 

Oo, iyon, para sa isang tulad mong makakalimutin, sakto yun,

hindi naman kasi ito yung amnesia na dapat mabagok ka pa 

o mauntog uli para makaalala, 

wala kang amnesia,

ang problema mo ay ang di mo pagpapaalala sa akin,

ang problema mo ay nakalimutan mong meron kang boyfriend,

ang problema, ay may problema na pala 

pero hindi mo man lang sinabi sa akin,

KONTRATA! Lagi kong naaalala noong pumunta tayo sa MOA

at doon ay gumawa ng kasunduang tayo lang dalawa

di ko alam... ang hindi ko alam na sa kontrata ay may iba pang pipirma

kala ko partnership yun, 

ang gusto mo pala ay korporasyon

KONTRA-ta, kaya pala bigla na lang

na kahit alam mong 

sa lahat ng mga plano ko ikaw ay nandoon

ay kontra ka nang kontra sa mga plano na 'yon para sating dalawa

dahil may ibang kasunduan ka palang inaalala...

kaya pala sabi mo noong minsang hinanapan kita ng sagot 

kung sino kasama mo doon sa high class hotel, 

sabi mo, "investor...

 and the same time business mentor?"

sabi mo pa, "mind your own business nga," kaya... okay, 

di na ko nag-imbestiga, dahil ang totoo, alam ko na,

Tumahimik ako at di na nagtanong pa,

kasi aminado ako, sa sinabi mong "mind your own business," ako'y napahiya.

Aaminin ko, mahina ang mind ko, dahil puso ang pinaiiral ko pagdating sayo

at wala din akong business, ang meron lang ako ay yung "Your Own,"

dahil doon sa MOA natin, naalala ko :

"Pag-aari mo lang ako at ikaw ay akin lang, pangako..."

kaso, hindi ka na rin pala sakin, at 'na-business-as-usual-zoned' lang ata ako.

KaSUNDOan, kaso may iba na palang lihim na nagsusundo sayo.

Naisip ko, pumunta rin kaya kayo sa MOA 

at gumawa ng 'Memorandum Of Agreement' para naman sa inyong dalawa.

Putik! Pwede pala ako magsampa ng kaso

dahil sa pagbali mo ng kasunduan

nang may iba nang lihim na nagsusundo sayo, 

kaso, di ko magagawa kasi mahal kita, mahal na mahal...

Napakasakit, may iba nang nagsusundo sayo,

hindi lang sundo pati hatid,

patawad kong naisip kong nagpapasunto't hatid ka na sa kanya

at siya na rin ata ang nagturo sayo na magbenta ng kalan-

kalandian, Oo nga pala, business Ad tinapos mo, sorry...

"No big deal..." ang lagi mong sinasabi't dinadahilan. 

Sana, napaalala mo sakin,"Business as usual lang nga di ba?"

Lahat. Lahat ng iyon sa atin, NO BIG DEAL?! 

Sige, gagamitin ko na rin ang term mo,

Alam mo, ang laki ng ininvest ko 

kaya pakiramdam ko ang laki rin ng ikinalugi ko ngayon,

oras, lakas, pagmamahal, panahon 

at wag na isama sa pagkwenta ang lahat ng ginawa

dahil kahit naman kwentahin pa, sa huli, lahat ng 'yon?

wala din naman palang kwenta't napala…

Pero sana, sana napaalala mo sakin, 

"Expired na ang contract nating dalawa,"

(sana na-eexpired din agad ang sakit na nadarama, di ba?) 

sana, sana napaalala mo sakin, 

na ang pinagsulatan ng kasunduan,

na matagal-tagal ko ring pinanghawakan

ay walang tibay, hindi tumatagal at walang kasiguraduhan

dahil ang pinagsulatan natin ng kasunduan...

ay Tissue lang naman.

Tissue? naiiyak ako kung ba't sa tissue mo lang isinulat ang ating sumpaan!

Habang ako, sa puso ko yun itinatak

isinulat, inukit, at iningatan.

... pahingi na nga lang ng tissue,

Bad trip yang Tissue na yan! 

'tong mga matang 'to naluluha na naman.

WORLD LEMUR DAY 2022. SAVE THE LEMUR

World Lemur Day 2022

 

World Lemur Day 2022 is celebrated on 28th October 2022. It is a day to remember and honour lemurs worldwide.  The word “Lemur” translates as “ghost” in Latin. They earned their name from their habit of appearing in trees at night and glaring with their big eyes. 

While lemurs are related to monkeys and apes, they are a separate species of the primate family. They are what is known as prosimian, which means they are primates that evolved before monkeys and apes. Lemurs are the world’s oldest living primates.  

Ang World Lemur Day 2022 ay ipinagdiriwang noong ika-28 ng Oktubre 2022. Ito ay isang araw para alalahanin at parangalan ang mga lemur sa buong mundo. Ang salitang "Lemur" ay isinalin bilang "multo" sa Latin. Nakuha nila ang kanilang pangalan mula sa kanilang ugali na lumitaw sa mga puno sa gabi at nanlilisik sa kanilang malalaking mata.

Habang ang mga lemur ay nauugnay sa mga unggoy at unggoy, sila ay isang hiwalay na species ng primate family. Ang mga ito ay kung ano ang kilala bilang prosimian, na nangangahulugan na sila ay mga primata na nag-evolve bago ang mga unggoy at matsing. Ang mga lemur ay ang pinakamatandang nabubuhay na primate sa mundo.

Endangered Zombies Lemur, Madagascar

Around 98% of lemurs are Near Threatened with extinction, of which 31% are listed as Critically Endangered. Therefore, saving the lemur is crucial for their existence and our enjoyment. Critically endangered means an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. Near threatened means at risk of being vulnerable to extinction in the near future.

Humigit-kumulang 98% ng mga lemur ay Malapit Nang Nanganganib sa pagkalipol, kung saan 31% ay nakalista bilang Critically Endangered. Samakatuwid, ang pag-save ng lemur ay mahalaga para sa kanilang pag-iral at sa ating kasiyahan.

Ang critically endangered ay nangangahulugan ng napakataas na panganib ng pagkalipol sa ligaw sa agarang hinaharap.

Ang malapit na nanganganib ay nangangahulugan na nasa panganib na maging mahina sa pagkalipol sa malapit na hinaharap.

 

Ring-tailed Lemur, Madagascar

CHARACTERISTICS

Lemurs are easy to love because they are charismatic, cute, and furry.  Their large eyes, monkey bodies, long hind legs, and long bushy tails that are longer than their bodies make for adorable animals.

MGA KATANGIAN

Ang mga lemur ay madaling mahalin dahil sila ay charismatic, cute, at mabalahibo. Ang kanilang malalaking mata, katawan ng unggoy, mahahabang binti sa hulihan, at mahahabang palumpong na buntot na mas mahaba kaysa sa kanilang katawan ay ginagawa para sa mga kaibig-ibig na hayop.

Collared Brown Lemur, Madagascar

There are over 100 species of lemur, and each is different from the next. For example, some species are black and white, some have no tail, some have black rings on their tails, and some are brown and orange. 

Mayroong higit sa 100 species ng lemur, at bawat isa ay naiiba mula sa susunod. Halimbawa, ang ilang mga species ay itim at puti, ang ilan ay walang buntot, ang ilan ay may itim na singsing sa kanilang mga buntot, at ang ilan ay kayumanggi at orange.

Common Brown Lemur eating a banana, Madagascar

The largest lemur is the Indri (Indri indri) at around 60 – 90 cm long and weighs 10kg. It is the only species of lemur that doesn’t have a tail. The smallest is the Madame Berth’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae), weighing 30grams and 9-11cm long, excluding their 12-14cm tail.

Ang pinakamalaking lemur ay ang Indri (Indri indri) sa humigit-kumulang 60 – 90 cm ang haba at tumitimbang ng 10kg. Ito ang tanging species ng lemur na walang buntot. Ang pinakamaliit ay ang mouse lemur ng Madame Berth (Microcebus berthae), na tumitimbang ng 30grams at 9-11cm ang haba, hindi kasama ang kanilang 12-14cm na buntot.

Indri Lemur, Madagascar

All lemurs have long hind legs for climbing, jumping, and nails instead of claws. But, interestingly, they have one claw called a ‘toilet claw’ used for grooming and parasite removal.

Different species of lemur have different behaviours. For example, some can be diurnal (active during the day), while others are nocturnal (active at night) or cathemeral (active both day and night). Some are arboreal (living in trees), while others prefer to live on the ground. In addition, some species of lemur hibernate.  

Ang lahat ng mga lemur ay may mahabang hulihan na mga binti para sa pag-akyat, paglukso, at mga pako sa halip na mga kuko. Ngunit, kawili-wili, mayroon silang isang kuko na tinatawag na 'toilet claw' na ginagamit para sa pag-aayos at pagtanggal ng parasito.

Ang iba't ibang uri ng lemur ay may iba't ibang pag-uugali. Halimbawa, ang ilan ay maaaring diurnal (aktibo sa araw), habang ang iba ay panggabi (aktibo sa gabi) o kathemeral (aktibo sa araw at gabi). Ang ilan ay arboreal (naninirahan sa mga puno), habang ang iba ay mas gustong manirahan sa lupa. Bilang karagdagan, ang ilang mga species ng lemur hibernate.

Diademed Sifaka Lemur, Madagascar

Female lemurs dominate the troops and decide where they live and who is in their troop. 

All species except for one (aye-aye lemur) have what is described as a toothcomb, meaning they have six front teeth on their lower jaw, which are fused, allowing them to groom themselves and other lemurs. They also have a secondary tongue beneath their primary tongue. The secondary tongue is used like a toothbrush to clean their toothcomb.

Ang mga babaeng lemur ay nangingibabaw sa mga tropa at nagpapasya kung saan sila nakatira at kung sino ang nasa kanilang tropa.

Ang lahat ng mga species maliban sa isa (aye-aye lemur) ay may kung ano ang inilarawan bilang isang toothcomb, ibig sabihin mayroon silang anim na ngipin sa harap sa kanilang ibabang panga, na pinagsama, na nagpapahintulot sa kanila na mag-ayos ng kanilang sarili at iba pang mga lemur. Mayroon din silang pangalawang dila sa ilalim ng kanilang pangunahing dila. Ang pangalawang dila ay ginagamit na parang toothbrush para linisin ang kanilang toothcomb.

Verreaux’s Sifaka Lemurs, Madagascar

HABITAT

All wild lemurs are endemic to the island of Madagascar. Madagascar is around 450 km off the west coast of Africa and is the fourth largest island in the world. Before humans arrived on the Island of Madagascar, lemurs roamed the island.  Once humans arrived around 2,000 years ago to settle, they destroyed the lemur’s environment and pushed them out of their natural habitat ranges. This resulted in around 17 lemur species becoming extinct. Lemurs are now only found on the western coast, the northern and southern tips, and a small population in the eastern forest in Madagascar.

HABITAT

Ang lahat ng mga ligaw na lemur ay endemic sa isla ng Madagascar. Ang Madagascar ay humigit-kumulang 450 km mula sa kanlurang baybayin ng Africa at ang ikaapat na pinakamalaking isla sa mundo. Bago dumating ang mga tao sa Isla ng Madagascar, gumagala ang mga lemur sa isla. Sa sandaling dumating ang mga tao humigit-kumulang 2,000 taon na ang nakalilipas upang manirahan, sinira nila ang kapaligiran ng lemur at itinulak sila palabas ng kanilang natural na hanay ng tirahan. Nagresulta ito sa humigit-kumulang 17 species ng lemur na nawawala. Ang mga lemur ay matatagpuan lamang sa kanlurang baybayin, sa hilaga at timog na mga dulo, at isang maliit na populasyon sa silangang kagubatan sa Madagascar.

Ring-tailed Lemur, Madagascar

Madagascar is world famous for its lemurs who live in different habitats depending on the species, such as rainforests, dry forests, spiny forests, wetlands, and mountains. Lemurs spend most of their life living and moving through trees. Walking on the ground can be challenging for lemurs, except for the ring-tailed lemur. 

Ang Madagascar ay sikat sa mundo para sa mga lemur nito na naninirahan sa iba't ibang tirahan depende sa mga species, tulad ng mga rainforest, tuyong kagubatan, matinik na kagubatan, basang lupa, at kabundukan. Ginugugol ng mga lemur ang halos buong buhay nila sa pamumuhay at paglipat sa mga puno. Ang paglalakad sa lupa ay maaaring maging mahirap para sa mga lemur, maliban sa ring-tailed lemur.

DIET

Due to the wide variety of lemurs, they all have slightly different diets. Most lemurs are herbivores and feed on fruit, flowers, tree bark, bamboo, and sap. They are known to feed on 82 different native plants and many introduced species of plants. However, some lemurs are omnivores and eat insects and small vertebrates; for example, ring-tailed lemurs will eat spiders, chameleons, and small birds.
DIET

Dahil sa malawak na pagkakaiba-iba ng mga lemur, lahat sila ay may bahagyang magkakaibang mga diyeta. Karamihan sa mga lemur ay herbivore at kumakain ng prutas, bulaklak, balat ng puno, kawayan, at katas. Kilala silang kumakain ng 82 iba't ibang katutubong halaman at maraming ipinakilalang uri ng halaman. Gayunpaman, ang ilang mga lemur ay omnivores at kumakain ng mga insekto at maliliit na vertebrates; halimbawa, ang mga ring-tailed lemur ay kakain ng mga gagamba, chameleon, at maliliit na ibon.

 

Black-and-white ruffed lemur

Lemurs help to maintain forest diversity by being efficient seed dispersers. The seeds from the fruits and berries they eat are passed through their digestive tract and scattered around the forest for regeneration. 

Tumutulong ang mga lemur na mapanatili ang pagkakaiba-iba ng kagubatan sa pamamagitan ng pagiging mahusay na mga disperser ng binhi. Ang mga buto mula sa mga prutas at berry na kanilang kinakain ay ipinapasa sa kanilang digestive tract at nakakalat sa paligid ng kagubatan para sa pagbabagong-buhay.

Bamboo Lemur, Madagascar

REPRODUCTION

The mating season occurs between mid-April – June. A female lemur’s fertile period varies from a few days to a month. Depending on the lemur species, females give birth from one to six pups once a year. They also have slow reproduction rates, severely impacting their population.  Gestation is around 102 – 170 days depending on the lemur species. The pups cling to their mother’s belly for the first three to four weeks of life and then switch to riding on their mother’s back until around four months old. By this time, they are searching for their own food. A lemur is considered an adult by three to four years of age. 

Lifespan varies between species. In captivity, lemurs can live for more than 30 years. However, they only live for 16 – 20 years in the wild.

PAGPAPARAMI

Ang panahon ng pag-aasawa ay nangyayari sa pagitan ng kalagitnaan ng Abril - Hunyo. Ang fertile period ng babaeng lemur ay nag-iiba mula sa ilang araw hanggang isang buwan. Depende sa species ng lemur, ang mga babae ay nanganganak ng isa hanggang anim na tuta minsan sa isang taon. Mayroon din silang mabagal na mga rate ng pagpaparami, na lubhang nakakaapekto sa kanilang populasyon. Ang pagbubuntis ay humigit-kumulang 102 – 170 araw depende sa species ng lemur. Ang mga tuta ay kumakapit sa tiyan ng kanilang ina sa unang tatlo hanggang apat na linggo ng buhay at pagkatapos ay lumipat sa pagsakay sa likod ng kanilang ina hanggang sa mga apat na buwang gulang. Sa oras na ito, naghahanap sila ng kanilang sariling pagkain. Ang isang lemur ay itinuturing na nasa hustong gulang ng tatlo hanggang apat na taong gulang.

Ang haba ng buhay ay nag-iiba sa pagitan ng mga species. Sa pagkabihag, ang mga lemur ay maaaring mabuhay nang higit sa 30 taon. Gayunpaman, nabubuhay lamang sila ng 16 - 20 taon sa ligaw.

Verreaux Sifaka Lemur or White Lemur, Madagascar

LEMUR AND HUMAN INTERACTION

Since the arrival of humans to Madagascar around 2,000 years ago, lemur habitats have been destroyed. Deforestation and hunting have decimated their habitats. Lemurs are hunted for food (bushmeat) and are illegally captured for the pet trade industry. The human population is increasing, and more land is required for urbanisation. Madagascar has a high rate of poverty. According to the World Bank, 75% of the Malagasy people live on less than $1.90 daily. This severely impacts the lemur’s population and their chance for survival due to poachers and people eating them for bushmeat.  

LEMUR AT INTERAKSYON NG TAO

Mula nang dumating ang mga tao sa Madagascar mga 2,000 taon na ang nakalilipas, ang mga tirahan ng lemur ay nawasak. Sinira ng deforestation at pangangaso ang kanilang mga tirahan. Ang mga lemur ay hinahabol para sa pagkain (bushmeat) at iligal na kinukuha para sa industriya ng pet trade. Ang populasyon ng tao ay dumarami, at mas maraming lupain ang kailangan para sa urbanisasyon. Ang Madagascar ay may mataas na antas ng kahirapan. Ayon sa World Bank, 75% ng mga Malagasy ay nabubuhay sa mas mababa sa $1.90 araw-araw. Malubhang nakakaapekto ito sa populasyon ng lemur at ang kanilang pagkakataon na mabuhay dahil sa mga mangangaso at mga taong kumakain sa kanila para sa bushmeat.

Coquerel’s Sifaka Lemur, Madagascar

Despite killing and catching lemurs being illegal in Madagascar, local people continue to do it as they have found that by keeping lemurs captive for the tourism industry, many tourists will pay a lot to get a close-up photo with a lemur. Sadly, many lemurs die as they are unsuitable as domesticated pets. Lemurs are sociable animals and need to live with other lemurs. Once domesticated, releasing them back into the wild is almost impossible. In addition, lemurs carry diseases such as parasites and bacteria, which can transfer to humans.

Another threat is the fossa, a long-tailed catlike mammal endemic to Madagascar. Snakes, large birds and introduced animals such as cats and dogs also prey on lemurs.

Sa kabila ng ilegal na pagpatay at paghuli ng mga lemur sa Madagascar, patuloy itong ginagawa ng mga lokal na tao dahil nalaman nila na sa pamamagitan ng pagpapanatiling bihag ng mga lemur para sa industriya ng turismo, maraming turista ang magbabayad ng malaki upang makakuha ng close-up na larawan na may lemur. Nakalulungkot, maraming lemur ang namamatay dahil hindi sila angkop bilang mga alagang hayop. Ang mga lemur ay mga hayop na palakaibigan at kailangang tumira kasama ng iba pang mga lemur. Kapag naaamo, ang pagpapalaya sa kanila pabalik sa ligaw ay halos imposible. Bilang karagdagan, ang mga lemur ay nagdadala ng mga sakit tulad ng mga parasito at bakterya, na maaaring ilipat sa mga tao.

Ang isa pang banta ay ang fossa, isang long-tailed catlike mammal na endemic sa Madagascar. Ang mga ahas, malalaking ibon at mga ipinakilalang hayop tulad ng pusa at aso ay nabiktima din ng mga lemur.

 

Fossa, Madagascar

CONSERVATION STATUS

Habitat loss due to deforestation and hunting for their fur and food is the leading cause of the decline in the lemur population. In addition, the slow reproduction rate impacts population growth. Therefore, lemurs must have the natural resources needed for their survival. These include a safe environment, forests, trees, large shrubs, and a plentiful supply of appropriate food. 

Many lemurs are now officially protected in National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. In addition, captive breeding and release programs, scientific research and education are working to reverse the decline in lemur populations. Other programs are working on extending the life expectancy of lemurs.  

STATUS NG CONSERVATION

Ang pagkawala ng tirahan dahil sa deforestation at pangangaso para sa kanilang balahibo at pagkain ang pangunahing dahilan ng pagbaba ng populasyon ng lemur. Bilang karagdagan, ang mabagal na rate ng pagpaparami ay nakakaapekto sa paglaki ng populasyon. Samakatuwid, ang mga lemur ay dapat magkaroon ng likas na yaman na kailangan para sa kanilang kaligtasan. Kabilang dito ang isang ligtas na kapaligiran, kagubatan, puno, malalaking palumpong, at maraming suplay ng angkop na pagkain.

Maraming lemur ang opisyal na ngayong pinoprotektahan sa National Parks at Wildlife Sanctuaries. Bilang karagdagan, ang mga programa sa pagpaparami at pagpapalaya ng bihag, siyentipikong pananaliksik at edukasyon ay nagsisikap na baligtarin ang pagbaba ng populasyon ng lemur. Ang iba pang mga programa ay nagtatrabaho sa pagpapahaba ng pag-asa sa buhay ng mga lemur.

 

Ring-tailed Lemur, Madagascar

To save lemurs from extinction, they and their habitats must be protected.

Upang mailigtas ang mga lemur mula sa pagkalipol, dapat silang protektahan at ang kanilang mga tirahan.

Little Rock Zoo plans celebration for World Lemur Day Oct. 29

Alex Kienlen - Wednesday

 

LITTLE ROCK, Ark. – Special events are planned from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Oct. 29 at the Little Zoo for World Lemur Day.

Little Rock Zoo plans celebration for World Lemur Day Oct. 29© Provided by KARK Little Rock

Planned special events will take place across from the zoo's lemur habitat to have fun and honor things that make the lemur unique. Admission to World Lemur Day activities is included with general admission that Saturday.

Little Rock Zoo celebrates the birth of three tiger cubs

One activity is for a participant to waft a scent toward their friends. This honors lemurs who use their tails to flick or wave a scent to their rivals.

A jumping game will also be set up that day. This is a salute to the ability of some lemur species to jump as much as 10 feet or more.

Man gets prison for stealing lemur from California zoo

Lemurs originated in Madagascar, off the coast of Africa. Nearly all of the 100 or so species are classified as threatened or endangered.

Copyright 2022 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

World Lemur Day and the World Lemur Festival

World Lemur Day is October 28, 2022!

World Lemur Day is celebrated on the last Friday of October. The World Lemur Festival is celebrated around the world in the weeks surrounding the day.

During the festival, we inspire people to love lemurs and join us in saving them from extinction. With 98% of lemur species threatened with extinction and 31% critically endangered, the time to act is now.

Help us celebrate lemurs and spread the word about their conservation!

2022 Event Calendar

The 2022 World Lemur Day and festival will include virtual and in person events in Madagascar and around the world, as well as fun social media from zoos and lemur fans!

2022 Event Calendar for the World Lemur Festival

The 2022 logo features a red bellied lemur and rufous mouse lemur. The graphic was created by Katy Tanis of Daughter Earth.

Celebrate lemurs with us for the World Lemur Festival this October and especially on World Lemur Day, Friday October 28, 2022!

 

World Lemur Festival Store

Sales from our TeeSpring store support lemur conservation. Find T-shirts and other products featuring lemurs and other animals from several illustrators.

Learn about Lemurs

Learn how lemurs are unique, discover interesting facts, and find out how endangered they are on the Red List. And, find teaching and professional resources from LCN and others.

Download Logo Files

We encourage you to use the World Lemur Day or Festival logos in this Dropbox folder. The illustration in the logo was created by Katy Tanis of Daughter Earth.

Participation Guide

Find virtual event ideas and easy ways that zoos, conservation organizations, educators, and individuals can participate in World Lemur Day.

Social Media Guide

Find tips for social media messaging, including event hashtags, key messages, and examples of social media posts.

The first World Lemur Festival was celebrated in 2014, and was organized by Professor Jonah Ratsimbazafy of GERP Madagascar.

The first festival was held only in the capital city of Antananarivo, Madagascar. It raised awareness about the value of lemurs as Madagascar’s unique natural heritage among scientists and the general public. It aimed to awaken pride for lemurs in Malagasy people, improve the economy through tourism, and promote lemur conservation and education worldwide.

Happy World Lemur Day! Today we celebrate the lemurs!

This is event is part of our Conservation Days Series- These exciting days are celebrated around the world and these days dive into the realm of certain animals or species and highlight conservation efforts. There will be self-guided activities/crafts which will give guests a chance to learn about some of their favorite animals and how to help with their preservation. Interpretations or Keeper Chats may take place depending on the different animal and topics.

 

WITCH CITY SALEM MASSACHUSETTS HALLOWEEN

Ang Salem ay isang lungsod sa coast ng Massachusetts sa hilaga ng Boston.  Ito ay sikat tuwing halloween dahil sa 1692 na trials laban sa mangkukulam, kung saan maraming mga lokal na kababaihan ang pinatay dahil sa diumano'y nagsasanay ng pangkukulam.  Kabilang sa mga palatandaan mula sa episode na ito ang Witch House, ang dating tahanan ng isang trial judge.  Ang Peabody Essex Museum ay may napakalaking koleksyon ng pandaigdigang sining at mga artifact, kabilang ang isang itinayo muli na Qing-era Chinese house.  ― mula sa Google

***

Bakit sikat na sikat ang Salem Massachusetts?

 Ang Salem ay kilala sa mayamang kasaysayang pandagat nito, bilang lugar ng kapanganakan ng National Guard, at para sa kasumpa-sumpa na Mga trials ng Witchcraft noong 1692.

***

Ilang mangkukulam ang napatay sa Salem?

Twenty. 

 Sa panahon ng Salem Witch Trials noong 1692, mahigit 200 katao ang inakusahan ng pagsasagawa ng pangkukulam.  Dalawampu sa mga taong iyon ang pinatay, karamihan sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigti.  Isang tao ang tinabunan hanggang mamatay sa ilalim ng mabibigat na bato, ang paraan ng hatol na pinahintulutan ng estado bilang pagpaparusa sa mga ito.

***

Paano natapos ang Trials sa mangkukulam?

 Sa paglipas ng 1692 sa 1693, nagsimulang mawalan ng singaw ang kahindikhindik na kaganapang ito.  Ang gobernador ng kolonya, nang marinig na ang kanyang sariling asawa ay inakusahan ng pangkukulam ay agad niyang ipinag-utos na wakasan ang mga paglilitis.

***

Nangyayari pa rin ba ang pagha-hunting sa mga witch o mangkukulam?

 Ngayon, nangyayari ang mga pagsubok sa mangkukulam sa buong mundo.  Natuklasan ng mga organisasyon tulad ng United Nations at Stepping Stones Nigeria na ang bilang ng mga trials o paghuhukom sa mangkukulam sa buong mundo ay tumataas.  Sila ay halos palaging marahas, at kung minsan sila ay nakamamatay.  Kapag nagkasakit ang mga tao, ang pangkukulam ay minsan nakikita bilang dahilan.

***

Bakit pinatay ang mga mangkukulam sa Salem?

 Nagsimula ang karumal-dumal na paglilitis sa mangkukulam sa Salem noong tagsibol ng 1692, matapos ang isang grupo ng mga kabataang babae sa Salem Village, Massachusetts, ang mag-claim na sinapian sila ng diyablo at inakusahan ang ilang lokal na kababaihan ng pangkukulam.

***

At pagkatapos nito ay anong nangyari? Sinunog ng simbahan ang mga inakusahang mangkukulam.

Bakit sinunog ng simbahan ang mga mangkukulam?

 Dahil iyon ang paniniwala nila. Ang mga mangkukulam, pagkatapos ng lahat, ay ginagawa ang utos ni Satanas;  kaya ang pag-alis sa kanila ay isang paraan para protektahan ang mga tao mula sa kanya.

***

Sa ngayon, mayroon pa bang lahi ng mga mangkukulam sa Salem?

 Meron, ang Tatlong presidente dito--sina Taft, Ford at Arthur--ay nagmula rin sa isa sa 20 pinatay na witch sa Salem o sa kanilang mga kapatid.  Gayon din sina Clara Barton, Walt Disney at Joan Kennedy.  At, siyempre, ang ibang inapo pa na nanatiling dumadami.

***

Anong relihiyon ang mga mangkukulam sa Salem?

 Ang relihiyon nila ay tinatawag na Puritans.

 sila ay mga Puritan na mula sa europa.  Palibhasa’y nagdusa dahil sa kanilang pananampalataya, sila ay naglayag patungong Hilagang Amerika upang patuloy na sumamba “nang may higit na kadalisayan at hindi gaanong panganib kaysa sa kanilang magagawa sa bansang kinaroroonan nila,” 

***

Sino ang pinakasikat na bruhang Salem?

 Si Bridget Bishop. isang Bishop, gaya ng inilalarawan sa isang lithograph

 Ipinanganak si Bridget Magnus noong 1632 Norwich, England at

 Namatay noong 10 ng Hunyo 1692 (edad 60) sa Salem, Kolonya ng Massachusetts

 Dahilan ng kamatayan: isa siya sa pinatay sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigti.

***

Meron pa bang mga Puritan ngayon?

 Ang puritanical na pag-iisip ay umusbong, mala-zombie ayon sa ilang iskolar, hanggang ngayon ay isang pundasyon ng modernong buhay.  Ang mga Puritan ay nabubuhay at namumuhay sa bawat lugar ng lipunan — sa ating mga simbahan, sa ating mga pamahalaan, at sa ating mga tahanan. 

***

Bakit naniniwala ang mga Puritans sa mga mangkukulam?

 Naniniwala sila na pipiliin ni Satanas ang “pinakamahina” na mga indibiduwal (mga babae, bata, at matatanda) para isagawa ang kaniyang masamang gawain.  Ang mga pinaniniwalaang sumusunod kay Satanas ay awtomatikong ipinapalagay na mga mangkukulam, na isang krimen na may parusang kamatayan noon. 

***

Mayroon bang mga lalaking mangkukulam sa Salem?

 Oo meron. Pero siya ay pinagmulta at pinalayas.  Sa mga sikat na trial na naganap sa Salem noong 1692, anim na lalaki ang binitay bilang mga mangkukulam.  Sa mga ito, apat ay may kaugnayan sa mga babaeng mangkukulam, at sa gayon ang kanilang mga kaso ay sumusuporta sa pangkalahatan na ang mga lalaki ay pangalawang target ng mga akusasyon.  Gayunpaman, ang dalawa sa mga lalaki ay hindi nauugnay sa mga akusado na babae.

***

Anong Banal na Aklat ang ginamit ng mga Puritano?

Ito ang Geneva Bible.

 Ang Geneva Bible ay ang Banal na Aklat nina William Shakespeare, John Bunyan, at Oliver Cromwell.  Ito ang bersyon na dinala ng mga Pilgrims at Puritans sa Amerika.  Ang bersyon ng Geneva ay madalas na tinutukoy bilang "Breeches Bible" dahil sa paggamit ng salitang "breeches" sa Geneva.

***

Kung galing sila sa Europa partikular sa England, e Bakit pinalayas ang mga Puritan sa England?

 Ang mga Puritan ay umalis sa England pangunahing dahilan ay sa relihiyosong pag-uusig sa kanila ngunit para rin sa mga kadahilanang pang-ekonomiya.  Ang Inglatera ay nasa relihiyosong kaguluhan noong unang bahagi ng ika-17 siglo, ang usapin ng relihiyon ay nakababahala at nagbabanta, lalo na sa mga hindi sumasang-ayon sa relihiyon tulad ng mga puritan noon. Dahil may iba silang paniniwala.

***

Paano ipinagdiriwang sa Salem ang Halloween?

 Sa buong buwan ng Oktubre, maraming event na nauugnay sa Halloween gaya ng pagdekorasyon ng pumpkin, seances, haunted tour, at kahit isang patimpalak sa costume ng alagang hayop.  Marami sa mga kaganapang ito ay libre habang ang iba ay naniningil ng mga bayad sa pagpasok.

*** 

Big deal ba ang Halloween sa Salem?

 Ang Salem ay kasingkahulugan ng Halloween, at ang lungsod ay nakakakita ng napakalaking pagdagsa ng mga bisita tuwing Oktubre.  Noong nakaraang katapusan ng linggo, halos 160,000 katao ang dumating sa bayan, na pumipilit sa mga parking garage na magsara nang maaga at napakalaki ng ilang lokal na negosyo.  Sa madaling salita, ang Salem sa Oktubre ay ganap na tourist spot , madaming nais bumisita sa "WITCH CITY".

***

 Ito ngayon ay pinakasikat para sa Witch Trials nitong 1692, at sa author na si Nathaniel Hawthorne.  Puno din ito ng kolonyal na arkitektura, world-class na museo, pamimili, at mga restaurant.  Interesado ka man sa sining, pirata, mangkukulam, o kasaysayan, madali kang makakagugol ng higit sa isang araw dito.

Happy Halloween. 

Beginner Guide to Drawing Anime & Manga

 

Beginner Guide to Drawing Anime & Manga

This guide is an introduction to the basics of drawing with a focus on the anime and manga style. It provides tips on approaching the drawing process in the right way and suggests some beginner friendly exercises to help you get started. For a list of other things you can learn that will help you draw anime and manga you can check:

Tips on How to Learn How to Draw Anime & Manga

This guide covers the first part of that list (The Basics of Drawing).

1. Make Light Line Drawings First

Draw using light lines first and then trace over them with darker lines once you are sure that everything is in the right place. This be especially helpful for large or  more complex drawings.

Light lines are easier to erase if you make a mistake and easier to make (you don’t have to press as hard on the pencil so your hand will be less tired).

Even if drawing digitally it’s still a good idea to first make a sketch and go over it with cleaner lines afterwards. Tracing your own lines will also work as another exercise to help steady your hand.

Try and draw with as few lines as possible. If you make a mistake with your first line it’s fine to add more lines until you land the correct one but don’t scribble or draw extra lines just for the sake of it. If you make too many mistakes erase that part of your drawing start over.

2. Use Guide/Construction Lines

Use guide lines to help yourself draw. For example if you want to draw a symmetrical head/face from the front view you can first draw a horizontal line though the middle of where you want to draw the face. This line will help you make sure that both halves of the face are even in width. You can then draw a horizontal line (or several lines) to help you make sure that both ears are on the same level.

For drawing different styles of anime heads see:

How to Draw Different Styles of Anime Heads & Faces

3. Plan Out Your Drawing & Draw Larger to Smaller 

4. Keep Different Parts of Your Drawing in the Same Stages of Completion

5. Draw Things That Are Hidden

It’s sometimes a good idea to draw things that are that are hidden by something else. In the above example some parts of the head and face will be hidden by the hair in the final drawing but you may still want to draw their basic shapes and erase and erase them later. The reason for this is to insure the correct placement of the parts that are visible. For example by doing a light drawing of the second eye you will be able to check the spacing between the eyes which will help you insure that the visible eye is correctly placed. You can also draw the outer shape of the ears to estimate the volume the hair needs in order cover them. 

For drawing anime style faces see:

 How to Draw an Anime Girl’s Head and Face

 How to Draw Anime Characters Tutorial

 How to Draw a Cute Anime Girl Step by Step  8 Step Anime Boy’s Head & Face 

Drawing Tutorial

 8 Step Anime Woman’s Head & Face Drawing Tutorial

6. Do Drawing Exercises

 As a beginner artist you can really benefit from some fairly simple exercises of drawing lines and basic geometric shapes. These exercises will help steady your hand and train you to see (and avoid) common mistakes.

You can do these for about 10-15 minutes at a time.

Straight Lines Drawing Exercises

Straight line drawing exercises

The most basic exercises is drawing straight lines in different directions. Draw horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines without rotating your drawing area 

Curved Lines Drawing

Exercises

Curved line drawing exercises

In addition to straight lines practice drawing curved lines in different directions and try to have nice and smooth curve without jitters or sharp turns. Just like for the straight lines exercise don’t rotate your drawing the straight lines 

Basic Shapes Drawing Exercises

 Anime head from basic shapes structure

In the above example you can see how an anime style head can be broken down into three simple shapes. The same can often be done with other parts of the body and various other objects. You don’t need to actually draw all of these out every time you want to draw something but its a good example for why learning to draw basic shapes can be so useful.

7. Study the Anime Style

To make art that looks like anime and manga you have to understand their defining characteristics. Fortunately there are plenty of tutorials here on Anime Outline to help you study these styles. Simply see the Anime & Manga Drawing Tutorials section and pick whatever it is you are interested in drawing.

8. Check for Mistakes

If you are having trouble spotting your mistakes turn your drawing upside down or hold it up to a mirror. This will give you a fresh “perspective” making it easier. For mistakes beginners commonly make when drawing anime.

Common Mistakes When Drawing Anime & Manga

Conclusion

Doing the exercises and applying the tips suggested above will help you with the basics of drawing anime. Once you you have a fairly steady hand with good control of your pen or pencil you can move on to more advanced aspects of drawing. These include things such as perspective, color and shading. For some basics on all of these see the following tutorials:



Perspective Drawing Tutorial for Beginners and

How it Relates to Anime



Beginner Guide to Picking

Colors When Drawing Anime & Manga

List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

 List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

Number 1. Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is the first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, following his escape from captivity by a terrorist group, world famous industrialist and master engineer Tony Stark builds a mechanized suit of armor and becomes the superhero Iron Man.

Number 2. The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character the Hulk. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Universal Pictures, it is the second film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as an unwitting pawn in a military scheme to reinvigorate the "Super-Soldier" program through gamma radiation. Banner goes on the run from the military while attempting to cure himself of the Hulk.

Number 3. Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is the sequel to Iron Man (2008) and the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Six months after Iron Man, Tony Stark resists calls from the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology, which is causing his declining health. Meanwhile, Russian scientist Ivan Vanko (Rourke) uses his own version of the technology to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family.

Number 4. Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is the fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). After reigniting a dormant war, Thor is banished from Asgard to Earth, stripped of his powers and his hammer Mjölnir. As his brother Loki (Hiddleston) plots to take the Asgardian throne, Thor must prove himself worthy.

Number 5. Captain America: The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). During World War II, Steve Rogers, a frail man, is transformed into the super-soldier Captain America and must stop the Red Skull (Weaving) from using the Tesseract as an energy source for world domination.

Number 6. Marvel's The Avengers, or simply The Avengers, is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the film, Nick Fury and the spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. recruit Tony Stark, Steve Rogers, Bruce Banner, Thor, Natasha Romanoff, and Clint Barton to form a team capable of stopping Thor's brother Loki from subjugating Earth. 

Number 7. Iron Man 3 is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Iron Man (2008) and Iron Man 2 (2010), and the seventh film in the Marvel. In Iron Man 3, Tony Stark wrestles with the ramifications of the events of The Avengers during a national terrorism campaign on the United States led by the mysterious Mandarin.

Number 8. Thor: The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Thor (2011) and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Thor and Loki (Hiddleston) team up to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves.

 
Number 9. Captain America: The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Captain America joins forces with Black Widow (Johansson) and Falcon (Mackie) to uncover a conspiracy within the spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier (Stan).
 

Number 10.  Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 10th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Peter Quill and a group of extraterrestrial criminals go on the run after stealing a powerful artifact.

Number 11. Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and the 11th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, the Avengers fight Ultron, an artificial intelligence with the goal of causing human extinction.

Number 12. Ant-Man is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name: Scott Lang and Hank Pym. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 12th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Lang must help defend Pym's Ant-Man shrinking technology and plot a heist with worldwide ramifications.
 

Number 13. Captain America: Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and the 13th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Captain America: Civil War, disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures the team into two opposing factions—one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark (Downey).
 

Number 14. Doctor Strange is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 14th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Strange learns the mystic arts after a career-ending car crash.
 

Number 15. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and the 15th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage.

Number 16. Spider-Man: Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the second Spider-Man film reboot and the 16th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Spider-Man: Homecoming, Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider-Man while facing the Vulture (Keaton).
 

Number 17. Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Thor (2011) and Thor: The Dark World (2013), and is the 17th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Thor: Ragnarok, Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela (Blanchett) and the impending Ragnarök.

Number 18. Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 18th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Black Panther, T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda following his father's death, but he is challenged by Killmonger (Jordan), who plans to abandon the country's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution.
 

Number 19. Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to prevent Thanos from collecting the six all-powerful Infinity Stones as part of his quest to kill half of all life in the universe.
 

Number 20. Ant-Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope Pym / Wasp. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to Ant-Man (2015) and the 20th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Ant-Man and the Wasp, the titular pair work with Hank Pym (Douglas) to retrieve Janet van Dyne (Pfeiffer) from the Quantum Realm.

Number 21. Captain Marvel is a 2019 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 21st film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Set in 1995, the story follows Danvers as she becomes Captain Marvel after Earth is caught in the center of a galactic conflict between two alien civilizations.

Number 22. Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, the surviving members of the Avengers and their allies attempt to reverse the destruction caused by Thanos in Infinity War.

Number 23. Spider-Man: Far From Home is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and the 23rd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the film, Parker is recruited by Nick Fury (Jackson) and Mysterio (Gyllenhaal) to face the Elementals while he is on a school trip to Europe.

Number 24. Black Widow is a 2021 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 24th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Set after the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016), the film sees Romanoff on the run and forced to confront her past.

Number 25. Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings is a 2021 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Shang-Chi. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 25th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the film, Shang-Chi is forced to confront his past when his father Wenwu (Leung), the leader of the Ten Rings organization, draws Shang-Chi and his sister Xialing (Zhang) into a search for a mythical village.

Number 26. Eternals is a 2021 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 26th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the film, the Eternals, immortal alien beings, emerge from hiding after thousands of years to protect Earth from their ancient counterparts, the Deviants.

Number 27. Spider-Man: No Way Home is a 2021 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and the 27th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Parker asks Dr. Stephen Strange (Cumberbatch) to use magic to make his identity as Spider-Man a secret again following its public revelation at the end of Far From Home. When the spell goes wrong, the multiverse is broken open, which allows visitors from alternate realities to enter Parker's universe.

Number 28. Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness is a 2022 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Doctor Strange. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to Doctor Strange (2016) and the 28th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In the film, Strange protects America Chavez (Gomez), a teenager capable of traveling the multiverse, from Wanda Maximoff (Olsen).

Number 29. Thor: Love and Thunder is a 2022 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and the 29th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In the film, Thor attempts to find inner peace, but must return to action and recruit Valkyrie (Thompson), Korg (Waititi), and Jane Foster (Portman)—who is now the Mighty Thor—to stop Gorr the God Butcher (Bale) from eliminating all gods.

Number 30. Black Panther: Wakanda Forever is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Black Panther. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the sequel to Black Panther (2018) and the 30th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Ideas for a sequel began after the release of Black Panther in February 2018.

Number 31. Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania is an upcoming American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope Pym / Wasp. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the sequel to Ant-Man (2015) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) and the 31st film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17, 2023, as part of Phase Four of the MCU.

Number 32. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is intended to be the sequel to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and the 32nd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 5, 2023.

Number 33. The Marvels is an upcoming American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the characters Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel, Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel, and Monica Rambeau. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the sequel to Captain Marvel (2019), a continuation of the Disney+ series Ms. Marvel (2022), and the 33rd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The Marvels is scheduled to be released in the United States on July 28, 2023.

THAT’s ALL THE LIST OF MARVEL Cinematic Universe films. Enjoy your movie marathon with this first to fourth pace list of greatest movie of all time. Chow! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe